YTeng (F/38) came for eye examination, vision with existing glasses is fine seeing far & near. She wears colour daily disposable for outings.
Vision without glasses
R: 6/60-
L: 6/60-
Vision with existing glasses 2years
R: -3.00/-0.50×180 (6/6)
L: -2.75/-0.50×180 (6/6)
Examination shows: (Delay Fogging)
R: -3.25 (6/6) [+1.00 blur lens test: 6/12+] (R: right dominant eye) R>L
L: -3.00 (6/6) [+1.00 blur lens test: 6/9-]
Near: L>R
Other assessments show:
Examination of Eye Alignment/Vergence (Cover Test, CT)
NMD @Distance
(alternating CT: patient reported NMD)
NMD @Near
(alternating CT: patient reported NMD)
(normal value: orthophoria/NMD-No Movement Detected or small XP, fast recovery)
EP = Esophoria is misalignment of the eye, eye is deviated inwards
XP = Exophoria is misalignment of the eye, eye is deviated outwards
Examination of Eye Alignment/Posture (Howell Card) by 6^ Base Down on Right eye
Distance: 0 – 1 EP (yellow part)
Near: 0 – 2 XP (blue part)
+1.00 Near: 2 – 4 XP (blue part)
-1.00 Near: 0 – 1 EP (blue part)
(normal value: 0-1 EP (yellow part) or 0-3 XP (blue part) @Distance; and 0-6 XP (blue part) @Near)
EP = Esophoria is misalignment of the eye, eye is deviated inwards
XP = Exophoria is misalignment of the eye, eye is deviated outwards
NRA (Accommodation analysis – ability to relax accommodation) by plus lens
+1.50
(normal value: +1.50 to +2.50)
PRA (Accommodation analysis – ability to stimulate accommodation) by minus lens
-2.00
(normal value: -1.37 to -3.37)
NPC (Convergence – ability of eye to maintain a single clear near image) by RAF rule
6/8cm, 6/8cm, 6/8cm, 6/9cm, 6/9cm, 6/9cm
(normal value: Break/Recovery in less than 10cm or to the nose, TTN)
AA (Amplitude Accommodation/Focusing – eye stamina/ability of eye to focus & sustain seeing near clearly) by RAF rule
R: 35 YO, 35 YO, 35 YO (target is clear @end of RAF rule)
L: 35 YO, 35 YO, 35 YO (target is clear @end of RAF rule)
(normal value: AA goes according to age; YO=years old)
Facility (Accommodation facility – ability to change focus: far to near or near to far) by Flipper +/- 2.00
BE: 10 cycle per minit(cpm), difficult with minus lens(2nd lens)
R: 11 cycle per minit(cpm), difficult with minus lens(2nd lens) (both eyes see better than with right eye)
L: 10 cycle per minit(cpm), difficult with minus lens(2nd lens) (both eyes see better than with left eye)
(normal value: 1 cycle = 2 words read
Monocular or R/L: 6cpm to 16cpm
Binocular or BE-both eyes: 4cpm to 14cpm)
MEM – Monocular Estimation Method (Accommodation lag – to measure accommodation response seeing near target)
R: +0.75
L: +0.75
(normal value: +0.25 to +0.75)
Fusional Reserves (Convergent/Divergent reserve stamina) by Prism Bar
Near, Base-Out/Convergent, PFV: x/20/16
Near, Base-In/Divergent, NFV: x/14/12
Distance, Base-In/Divergent, NFV: x/10/8
Distance, Base-Out/Convergent, PFV: x/25/20 (above break point 14, double then single)
(normal value: Blur/Break/Recovery)
Near, PFV: 10-28/7-21
Near, NFV: 7-19/5-15
Distance, PFV: 4-18/5-9
Distance, NFV: 4-10/2-6
[Scheiman et al – Adult Data]
Vergence Facility – ability to make rapid repetitive vergence changes (by Prism Flipper of 12Base Out & 3Base In)
Near: 14 cpm
Distance: 11 cpm (double with Base Out.. blink2 eyes then single)
(normal value: 1 cycle = 2 times clearing target
Distance: 12-18 cpm
Near: 12-18 cpm)
Fluorescein (assess integrity of front surface of eye, cornea)
R: -ve staining
L: -ve staining
Tears Break Up Time, TBUT (assess lipid/ evaporative dry eye)
R: 4seconds
L: 4seconds
(normal: 10s, marginal=5s-10s, severe=<2s)
Interpupillary distance, IPD = 6.6cm
We advise YTeng on warm compression & lid massage on her mild oil gland blockage. Otherwise, her eye systems are all well.